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| image = Hu_Zhengyans_seal.JPG | image_size = 150 | alt = | caption = One of Hu Zhengyan's personal seals | birth_date = 1584 | birth_place = Xiuning, China | death_date = | death_place = Nanjing, China | other_names = Hu Yuecong, Hu Cheng-yen | occupation = Publisher, artist, seal-carver | known_for = Colour woodblock printing | notable_works =''Ten Bamboo Studio Manual'' }} Hu Zhengyan (; 15841674) was a Chinese artist, printmaker and publisher. He worked in calligraphy, traditional Chinese painting, and seal-carving, but was primarily a publisher, producing academic texts as well as records of his own work. Hu lived in Nanjing during the transition from the Ming dynasty to the Qing dynasty. A Ming loyalist, he was offered a position at the rump court of the Hongguang Emperor, but declined the post, and never held anything more than minor political office. He did, however, design the Hongguang Emperor's personal seal, and his loyalty to the dynasty was such that he largely retired from society after the emperor's capture and death in 1645. He owned and operated an academic publishing house called the Ten Bamboo Studio, in which he practised various multi-colour printing and embossing techniques, and he employed several members of his family in this enterprise. Hu's work at the Ten Bamboo Studio pioneered new techniques in colour printmaking, leading to delicate gradations of colour which were not previously achievable in this art form. Hu is best known for his manual of painting entitled ''The Ten Bamboo Studio Manual of Painting and Calligraphy'', an artist's primer which remained in print for around 200 years. His studio also published seal catalogues, academic and medical texts, books on poetry, and decorative writing papers. Many of these were edited and prefaced by Hu and his brothers. ==Biography== Hu was born in Xiuning County, Anhui Province in 1584 or early 1585. Both his father and elder brother Zhengxin (, art name Wusuo, ) were physicians, and after he turned 30 he travelled with them while they practised medicine in the areas around Lu'an and Huoshan. It is commonly stated that Zhengyan himself was also a doctor,〔 though the earliest sources attesting to this occur only in the second half of the 19th century.〔 By 1619, Hu had moved to Nanjing〔 where he lived with his wife Wu. Their home on Jilongshan (, now also known as Beiji Ge), a hill located just within the northern city wall,〔 served as a meeting-house for like-minded artists. Hu named it the Ten Bamboo Studio (''Shizhuzhai'', ), after the ten bamboo plants that grew in front of the property.〔 It functioned as the headquarters for his printing business, where he employed ten artisans including his two brothers Zhengxin and Zhengxing (, art name Zizhu, ) and his sons Qipu () and Qiyi (, courtesy name ).〔 During Hu's lifetime, the Ming dynasty, which had ruled China for over 250 years, was overthrown and replaced by China's last imperial dynasty, the Qing. Following the fall of the capital Beijing in 1644, remnants of the imperial family and a few ministers set up a Ming loyalist regime in Nanjing with Zhu Yousong on the throne as the Hongguang Emperor. Hu, who was noted for his seal-carving and facility with seal script, created a seal for the new Emperor. The court offered him the position of Drafter for the Secretariat (''zhongshu sheren'', ) as a reward, but he did not accept the role (although he did accord himself the title of ''zhongshu sheren'' in some of his subsequent personal seals).〔 According to Wen Ruilin's ''Lost History of the South'' (''Nanjiang Yishi'', ), prior to the Qing invasion of Nanjing Hu studied at the National University there, and whilst a student was employed by the Ministry of Rites to record official proclamations; he produced the ''Imperial Promotion of Minor Learning'' (''Qin Ban Xiaoxue'', ) and the ''Record of Displayed Loyalty'' (''Biaozhong Ji'', ) as part of this work. As a result, he was promoted to the Ministry of Personnel and gained admittance to the Hanlin Academy, but before he could take up this appointment, Beijing had fallen to the Manchu rebellion. Since contemporaneous biographies (Wen's work was not published until 1830) make no mention of these events, it has been suggested that they were fabricated after Hu's death.〔 Hu retired from public life and went into seclusion in 1646, after the end of the Ming dynasty.〔 Xiao Yuncong and Lü Liuliang recorded visiting him during his later years, in 1667 and 1673 respectively.〔 He died in poverty at the age of 90, sometime around late 1673 or early 1674.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hu Zhengyan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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